Item
Proteus Propulsion - Hyperspatial Optimization
Propulsion Subsystem · Subsystem · nobody is trading this on the markets we track
Best sell
37,790,000 ISK
what you pay
Best buy
35,640,000 ISK
what you get instantly
Spread
2,150,000 ISK (6.0%)
buy against sell
On sale
433
99 orders
Wanted
200,217
49 orders
Packaged
40 m³
cargo space per unit
Cheapest in The Forge at 37,790,000 ISK, most expensive in Metropolis at 63,490,000 ISK.
What is Proteus Propulsion - Hyperspatial Optimization built from? · What is it, and what does it weigh?
The Forge
Best price on each side, region by region
| Region | Best sell | Best buy | On sale | Wanted |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sinq Laison | 46,350,000 ISK | 30,750,000 ISK | 28 | 100,012 |
| Lonetrek | — | 138,900 ISK | 0 | 100,005 |
| The Forge | 37,790,000 ISK | 33,930,000 ISK | 312 | 52 |
| Domain | 42,740,000 ISK | 35,640,000 ISK | 45 | 44 |
| Metropolis | 63,490,000 ISK | 15,010,000 ISK | 10 | 21 |
| Heimatar | 53,040,000 ISK | 4,000,000 ISK | 16 | 12 |
| Placid | 50,000,000 ISK | 124,800 ISK | 3 | 10 |
| Kor-Azor | 41,790,000 ISK | 148,600 ISK | 1 | 10 |
| Derelik | — | 138,600 ISK | 0 | 10 |
| Tash-Murkon | — | 156,200 ISK | 0 | 10 |
Sell orders
99 sell orders, cheapest first
| Region | Quantity | Price | Location | Expires in | Last modified |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Forge | 5 | 37,790,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 89d | 5h ago |
| The Forge | 3 | 37,790,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 89d | 5h ago |
| The Forge | 6 | 37,790,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 89d | 5h ago |
| The Forge | 6 | 37,790,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 89d | 5h ago |
| The Forge | 5 | 37,790,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 89d | 5h ago |
| The Forge | 5 | 37,790,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 89d | 5h ago |
| The Forge | 13 | 37,800,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 89d | 11h ago |
| The Forge | 4 | 37,820,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 89d | 12h ago |
| The Forge | 11 | 37,830,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 86d | 3d ago |
| The Forge | 8 | 37,850,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 26d | 3d ago |
| The Forge | 2 | 37,950,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 85d | 4d ago |
| The Forge | 1 | 37,970,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 85d | 4d ago |
| The Forge | 23 | 38,010,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 85d | 4d ago |
| The Forge | 1 | 38,030,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 85d | 4d ago |
| The Forge | 11 | 38,190,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 84d | 5d ago |
| The Forge | 1 | 38,230,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 83d | 6d ago |
| The Forge | 21 | 38,380,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 83d | 6d ago |
| The Forge | 28 | 38,410,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 79d | 10d ago |
| The Forge | 3 | 38,500,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 77d | 12d ago |
| The Forge | 1 | 38,620,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 74d | 15d ago |
| The Forge | 4 | 38,840,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 71d | 18d ago |
| The Forge | 12 | 38,900,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 71d | 18d ago |
| Molden Heath | 3 | 38,980,000 ISK | 0.3Istodard IX - Moon 5 - Republic Fleet Assembly Plant | 37d | 52d ago |
| The Forge | 1 | 39,060,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 70d | 19d ago |
| The Forge | 3 | 39,080,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 70d | 19d ago |
| The Forge | 12 | 39,100,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 70d | 19d ago |
| The Forge | 1 | 39,330,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 69d | 20d ago |
| The Forge | 7 | 39,460,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 68d | 21d ago |
| The Forge | 1 | 39,690,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 65d | 24d ago |
| The Forge | 1 | 41,000,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 63d | 26d ago |
| The Forge | 7 | 41,380,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 62d | 27d ago |
| The Forge | 1 | 41,400,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 62d | 27d ago |
| The Forge | 12 | 41,500,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 60d | 29d ago |
| Kor-Azor | 1 | 41,790,000 ISK | 0.7Zinkon VII - Moon 1 - Caldari Business Tribunal Accounting | 66d | 23d ago |
| The Forge | 6 | 42,350,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 55d | 34d ago |
| The Forge | 4 | 42,410,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 55d | 34d ago |
| The Forge | 24 | 42,440,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 37d | 52d ago |
| The Forge | 4 | 42,500,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 54d | 35d ago |
| Domain | 1 | 42,740,000 ISK | 0.9Amarr VIII (Oris) - Emperor Family Academy | 89d | 2h ago |
| Domain | 2 | 42,920,000 ISK | 0.9Amarr VIII (Oris) - Emperor Family Academy | 89d | 6h ago |
| Domain | 1 | 42,930,000 ISK | 0.9Amarr VIII (Oris) - Emperor Family Academy | 89d | 13h ago |
| Domain | 7 | 42,950,000 ISK | 0.9Amarr VIII (Oris) - Emperor Family Academy | 88d | 1d ago |
| Domain | 1 | 42,960,000 ISK | 0.9Amarr VIII (Oris) - Emperor Family Academy | 88d | 1d ago |
| Domain | 1 | 42,980,000 ISK | 0.9Amarr VIII (Oris) - Emperor Family Academy | 88d | 1d ago |
| Domain | 13 | 43,160,000 ISK | 0.9Amarr VIII (Oris) - Emperor Family Academy | 87d | 2d ago |
| Domain | 1 | 43,790,000 ISK | 0.9Amarr VIII (Oris) - Emperor Family Academy | 85d | 4d ago |
| Domain | 1 | 43,860,000 ISK | 0.9Amarr VIII (Oris) - Emperor Family Academy | 85d | 4d ago |
| Domain | 1 | 43,900,000 ISK | 0.9Amarr VIII (Oris) - Emperor Family Academy | 85d | 4d ago |
| Domain | 1 | 43,930,000 ISK | 0.9Amarr VIII (Oris) - Emperor Family Academy | 85d | 4d ago |
| Domain | 1 | 43,950,000 ISK | 0.9Amarr VIII (Oris) - Emperor Family Academy | 85d | 4d ago |
| Domain | 1 | 43,970,000 ISK | 0.9Amarr VIII (Oris) - Emperor Family Academy | 85d | 4d ago |
| Domain | 2 | 44,550,000 ISK | 0.9Amarr VIII (Oris) - Emperor Family Academy | 82d | 7d ago |
| The Forge | 24 | 44,980,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 37d | 52d ago |
| Curse | 2 | 45,000,000 ISK | -0.1H-ADOC IV - Moon 1 - Guardian Angels Assembly Plant | 13d | 76d ago |
| Sinq Laison | 2 | 46,350,000 ISK | 0.9Dodixie IX - Moon 20 - Federation Navy Assembly Plant | 89d | 21h ago |
| Sinq Laison | 2 | 46,360,000 ISK | 0.9Dodixie IX - Moon 20 - Federation Navy Assembly Plant | 88d | 1d ago |
| Sinq Laison | 1 | 46,380,000 ISK | 0.9Dodixie IX - Moon 20 - Federation Navy Assembly Plant | 87d | 2d ago |
| Sinq Laison | 1 | 48,220,000 ISK | 0.9Dodixie IX - Moon 20 - Federation Navy Assembly Plant | 72d | 17d ago |
| Khanid | 1 | 49,670,000 ISK | 0.3Gehi IX - Moon 4 - Royal Khanid Navy Assembly Plant | 69d | 20d ago |
| Placid | 1 | 50,000,000 ISK | 0.7Algasienan VI - Moon 11 - Combined Harvest Food Packaging | 71d | 18d ago |
| Placid | 2 | 50,000,000 ISK | 0.7Orvolle I - Federation Navy Assembly Plant | 89d | 22h ago |
| Essence | 1 | 51,000,000 ISK | 0.9Algogille XIII - Federation Navy Testing Facilities | 70d | 19d ago |
| Domain | 1 | 51,460,000 ISK | 0.9Amarr VIII (Oris) - Emperor Family Academy | 79d | 10d ago |
| Domain | 1 | 51,860,000 ISK | 0.9Amarr VIII (Oris) - Emperor Family Academy | 79d | 10d ago |
| Domain | 1 | 51,880,000 ISK | 0.9Amarr VIII (Oris) - Emperor Family Academy | 79d | 10d ago |
| Domain | 1 | 52,020,000 ISK | 0.9Amarr VIII (Oris) - Emperor Family Academy | 79d | 10d ago |
| Domain | 1 | 52,040,000 ISK | 0.9Amarr VIII (Oris) - Emperor Family Academy | 79d | 10d ago |
| Domain | 2 | 52,110,000 ISK | 0.9Amarr VIII (Oris) - Emperor Family Academy | 79d | 10d ago |
| Syndicate | 3 | 52,830,000 ISK | -0.2BMNV-P XI - Moon 11 - Syndicate Space Police Assembly Plant | 73d | 16d ago |
| Heimatar | 2 | 53,040,000 ISK | 0.9Rens VI - Moon 8 - Brutor Tribe Treasury | 89d | 19h ago |
| Heimatar | 5 | 53,050,000 ISK | 0.9Rens VI - Moon 8 - Brutor Tribe Treasury | 87d | 2d ago |
| Heimatar | 3 | 53,070,000 ISK | 0.9Rens VI - Moon 8 - Brutor Tribe Treasury | 82d | 7d ago |
| Heimatar | 5 | 53,390,000 ISK | 0.9Rens VI - Moon 8 - Brutor Tribe Treasury | 38d | 51d ago |
| Heimatar | 1 | 54,690,000 ISK | 0.9Rens VI - Moon 8 - Brutor Tribe Treasury | 2d | 87d ago |
| The Forge | 30 | 54,990,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 49d | 40d ago |
| Domain | 1 | 55,380,000 ISK | 0.9Amarr VIII (Oris) - Emperor Family Academy | 78d | 11d ago |
| Domain | 1 | 55,420,000 ISK | 0.9Amarr VIII (Oris) - Emperor Family Academy | 78d | 11d ago |
| Domain | 1 | 55,440,000 ISK | 0.9Amarr VIII (Oris) - Emperor Family Academy | 78d | 11d ago |
| Domain | 1 | 55,970,000 ISK | 0.9Amarr VIII (Oris) - Emperor Family Academy | 78d | 11d ago |
| Aridia | 1 | 57,770,000 ISK | 0.1Sakht VI - Moon 7 - Genolution Biotech Production | 85d | 4d ago |
| Genesis | 1 | 58,880,000 ISK | 0.5Simela IV - Moon 7 - Sisters of EVE Academy | 16d | 73d ago |
| Sinq Laison | 2 | 58,890,000 ISK | 0.9Dodixie IX - Moon 20 - Federation Navy Assembly Plant | 68d | 21d ago |
| Sinq Laison | 1 | 60,000,000 ISK | 0.9Dodixie IX - Moon 20 - Federation Navy Assembly Plant | 4d | 25d ago |
| Metropolis | 6 | 63,490,000 ISK | 0.8Hek VIII - Moon 12 - Boundless Creation Factory | 89d | 20h ago |
| Metropolis | 4 | 63,500,000 ISK | 0.8Hek VIII - Moon 12 - Boundless Creation Factory | 88d | 1d ago |
| Sinq Laison | 2 | 64,580,000 ISK | 0.9Dodixie IX - Moon 20 - Federation Navy Assembly Plant | 63d | 26d ago |
| Sinq Laison | 1 | 67,970,000 ISK | 0.9Dodixie IX - Moon 20 - Federation Navy Assembly Plant | 61d | 28d ago |
| Sinq Laison | 2 | 67,990,000 ISK | 0.9Dodixie IX - Moon 20 - Federation Navy Assembly Plant | 61d | 28d ago |
| Sinq Laison | 1 | 69,540,000 ISK | 0.9Dodixie IX - Moon 20 - Federation Navy Assembly Plant | 60d | 29d ago |
| Sinq Laison | 3 | 69,820,000 ISK | 0.9Dodixie IX - Moon 20 - Federation Navy Assembly Plant | 59d | 30d ago |
| Sinq Laison | 1 | 71,610,000 ISK | 0.9Dodixie IX - Moon 20 - Federation Navy Assembly Plant | 57d | 32d ago |
| Sinq Laison | 2 | 71,900,000 ISK | 0.9Dodixie IX - Moon 20 - Federation Navy Assembly Plant | 56d | 33d ago |
| Sinq Laison | 1 | 72,130,000 ISK | 0.9Dodixie IX - Moon 20 - Federation Navy Assembly Plant | 56d | 33d ago |
| Sinq Laison | 2 | 74,030,000 ISK | 0.9Dodixie IX - Moon 20 - Federation Navy Assembly Plant | 44d | 45d ago |
| Sinq Laison | 1 | 74,600,000 ISK | 0.9Dodixie IX - Moon 20 - Federation Navy Assembly Plant | 42d | 47d ago |
| Sinq Laison | 2 | 74,960,000 ISK | 0.9Dodixie IX - Moon 20 - Federation Navy Assembly Plant | 36d | 53d ago |
| Sinq Laison | 1 | 75,000,000 ISK | 0.9Dodixie IX - Moon 20 - Federation Navy Assembly Plant | 22d | 67d ago |
| Genesis | 1 | 159,600,000 ISK | 0.8Tar III - Secure Commerce Commission Depository | 24d | 65d ago |
| Everyshore | 5 | 168,400,000 ISK | 0.7Halle VII - Moon 6 - Federal Intelligence Office Assembly Plant | 67d | 22d ago |
Buy orders
49 buy orders, highest price first
| Region | Quantity | Price | Location | Expires in | Last modified |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Domain | 1 | 35,640,000 ISK | 0.9Amarr VIII (Oris) - Emperor Family Academy | 89d | 2h ago |
| Domain | 2 | 35,430,000 ISK | 0.9Amarr VIII (Oris) - Emperor Family Academy | 13d | 2h ago |
| Domain | 2 | 35,420,000 ISK | 0.9Amarr VIII (Oris) - Emperor Family Academy | 89d | 8h ago |
| Domain | 1 | 35,410,000 ISK | 0.9Amarr VIII (Oris) - Emperor Family Academy | 13d | 10h ago |
| Domain | 3 | 35,390,000 ISK | 0.9Amarr VIII (Oris) - Emperor Family Academy | 13d | 15h ago |
| Domain | 10 | 35,370,000 ISK | 0.9Ashab - Amarr Mk2 CHEAPEST Marketstructure | 88d | 1d ago |
| Domain | 1 | 35,340,000 ISK | 0.9Amarr VIII (Oris) - Emperor Family Academy | 12d | 1d ago |
| Domain | 1 | 35,100,000 ISK | 0.9Amarr VIII (Oris) - Emperor Family Academy | 86d | 3d ago |
| The Forge | 1 | 33,930,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 89d | 4h ago |
| The Forge | 1 | 33,920,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 89d | 15h ago |
| The Forge | 2 | 33,890,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 88d | 1d ago |
| The Forge | 3 | 33,860,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 88d | 1d ago |
| The Forge | 2 | 33,850,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 87d | 2d ago |
| Domain | 2 | 33,700,000 ISK | 0.9Amarr VIII (Oris) - Emperor Family Academy | 79d | 10d ago |
| The Forge | 1 | 33,670,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 81d | 8d ago |
| Domain | 4 | 32,850,000 ISK | 0.9Amarr VIII (Oris) - Emperor Family Academy | 3d | 10d ago |
| The Forge | 1 | 32,640,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 54d | 35d ago |
| The Forge | 1 | 30,910,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 49d | 40d ago |
| Sinq Laison | 1 | 30,750,000 ISK | 0.9Dodixie IX - Moon 20 - Federation Navy Assembly Plant | 81d | 8d ago |
| The Forge | 1 | 30,400,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 44d | 45d ago |
| Sinq Laison | 4 | 30,160,000 ISK | 0.9Dodixie IX - Moon 20 - Federation Navy Assembly Plant | 70d | 19d ago |
| The Forge | 1 | 30,020,000 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 40d | 49d ago |
| Sinq Laison | 1 | 27,380,000 ISK | 0.9Dodixie IX - Moon 20 - Federation Navy Assembly Plant | 49d | 40d ago |
| Metropolis | 4 | 15,010,000 ISK | 0.8Hek VIII - Moon 12 - Boundless Creation Factory | 78d | 11d ago |
| Metropolis | 5 | 6,004,000 ISK | 0.8Hek VIII - Moon 12 - Boundless Creation Factory | 41d | 48d ago |
| Metropolis | 2 | 6,003,000 ISK | 0.8Hek IV - Krusual Tribe Bureau | 20d | 69d ago |
| Heimatar | 1 | 4,000,000 ISK | 0.9Rens VI - Moon 8 - Brutor Tribe Treasury | 85d | 4d ago |
| Domain | 10 | 1,025,000 ISK | 0.9Amarr VIII (Oris) - Emperor Family Academy | 54d | 35d ago |
| Domain | 4 | 1,024,000 ISK | 0.9Amarr VIII (Oris) - Emperor Family Academy | 49d | 40d ago |
| Domain | 3 | 1,021,000 ISK | 0.9Amarr VIII (Oris) - Emperor Family Academy | 42d | 47d ago |
| Heimatar | 3 | 500,400 ISK | 0.8Frarn VI - Moon 18 - Brutor Tribe Bureau | 82d | 7d ago |
| Heimatar | 3 | 500,300 ISK | 0.9Rens VI - Moon 8 - Brutor Tribe Treasury | 2d | 87d ago |
| The Citadel | 10 | 401,700 ISK | 0.5Waira VIII - Moon 15 - Caldari Provisions Food Packaging | 84d | 5d ago |
| Sinq Laison | 6 | 189,600 ISK | 0.9Dodixie IX - Moon 20 - Federation Navy Assembly Plant | 46d | 43d ago |
| Essence | 6 | 185,800 ISK | 0.9Couster II - Moon 1 - Federal Navy Academy | 5d | 84d ago |
| Tash-Murkon | 10 | 156,200 ISK | 0.8Tash-Murkon Prime II - Moon 1 - Kaalakiota Corporation Factory | 89d | 6h ago |
| The Forge | 18 | 148,600 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 11d | 78d ago |
| Kor-Azor | 10 | 148,600 ISK | 0.9Mora VI - Moon 4 - Ishukone Corporation Factory | 87d | 2d ago |
| Metropolis | 10 | 148,400 ISK | 0.8Hek VIII - Moon 12 - Boundless Creation Factory | 82d | 7d ago |
| Lonetrek | 5 | 138,900 ISK | 0.6Uemisaisen VII - Moon 16 - Home Guard Assembly Plant | 20d | 69d ago |
| Derelik | 10 | 138,600 ISK | 0.8Sasta VI - Moon 3 - Ammatar Fleet Assembly Plant | 85d | 4d ago |
| Black Rise | 5 | 128,900 ISK | 0.6Onnamon IV - State Protectorate Logistic Support | 19d | 70d ago |
| Placid | 10 | 124,800 ISK | 0.7Orvolle I - Federation Navy Assembly Plant | 35d | 54d ago |
| Devoid | 10 | 124,600 ISK | 0.7Mehatoor VI - 24th Imperial Crusade Logistic Support | 84d | 5d ago |
| The Forge | 10 | 44,040 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 48d | 41d ago |
| The Forge | 10 | 36,090 ISK | 0.9Jita IV - Moon 4 - Caldari Navy Assembly Plant | 49d | 40d ago |
| Heimatar | 5 | 30,030 ISK | 0.9Rens VI - Moon 8 - Brutor Tribe Treasury | 22d | 67d ago |
| Sinq Laison | 100,000 | 1 ISK | 0.9Bourynes VII - AIR Laboratories | 76d | 13d ago |
| Lonetrek | 100,000 | 1 ISK | 0.9Amsen VI - AIR Laboratories | 55d | 34d ago |
About Proteus Propulsion - Hyperspatial Optimization
This subsystem improves the agility and warp speed of a Proteus-class Strategic Cruiser. With the influx of fullerene-based polymers and the discovery of Sleeper drone technology, the same fundamental principles once only sparingly employed in advance scout vessels such as Covert Ops and Interceptors could be re-applied to modular Tech III vessels. Although the Caldari claim to have been the first to successfully reverse-engineer these subsystems, the Federation argues that they were the first to deliver the breakthrough. Despite the contention, neither party seems keen to publicize the research data necessary to back their respective claims.